Understanding Breast Cancer: A Key Emphasis on Molecular Signalling Pathways and Phytotherapy

Abstract

Globally, 2.3 million women have been diagnosed with breast cancer, making it a significant global public health concern [1]. By 2040, the annual rate of new cases is projected to reach 3 million, an increase of nearly 40 percent from 2020 [2]. Lifelong exposures to a variety of endogenous and exogenous variables, as well as the interaction of genetic elements, contribute to the complexity of breast cancerogenesis [3]. Normal human growth is strictly regulated by the signalling pathways that allow cells to communicate with one another and their surroundings. Breast carcinoma is caused by alterations in signalling networks that regulate cell motility, differentiation, cell proliferation, and cell apoptosis. Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and targeted therapy are the primary forms of breast cancer treatment [4]. However, phytotherapy have shown promise because they are more effective, safer, and have a lower resistance rate than hormone-targeting and chemotherapeutics [5]. Alternatively, plant-derived natural compounds that have anti-cancer potential by targeting impaired signalling pathways such as Wnt/β-Catenin, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal-related pathways. This comprehensive review discusses the actual incidence of breast cancer, its risk factors, diagnostic methods, associated pathogenesis theories, and the universal classification of malignant breast tumours. Finally, we accentuate on the role of phytocompounds to reverse the associated molecular abnormalities, for more effective therapy and a better management of breast carcinomas.