Gender differences in systemic sclerosis: relationship to clinical features, serologic status and outcomes

Abstract

Introduction There is a strong female preponderance reported in many connective tissue diseases and in almost all systemic sclerosis (SSc) case series. Methods We compared gender differences in SSc patients in a large single-center cohort, including demographic features, disease subtype, environmental exposures, disease-specific serum autoantibodies, organ system involvement (frequency and severity) and survival. Adjustment for cutaneous subset (diffuse cutaneous [dc] and limited cutaneous [lc]) was performed. Results We identified key characteristics which distinguished female from male SSc patients. Females were more frequently younger at disease onset with a longer disease duration at the time of their first visit. Females more often had lcSSc and, if an overlap syndrome was present, it was most often systemic lupus erythematosus. In contrast, males more frequently had dcSSc and overlap with myositis. Females more frequently had peripheral vascular involvement but in males it was more often severe. Males were more often cigarette smokers and more frequently had environmental exposures. Males more frequently had interstitial lung disease (ILD or pulmonary fibrosis) which was more severe. Females had a significantly increased frequency of anti-centromere antibody and males anti-topoisomerase I and anti-U3RNP antibody. Males had significantly reduced survival (73% at 5 years and 45% at 10 years after onset of SSc). The most frequent causes of death were ILD in males and pulmonary hypertension in females. Conclusions Gender differences may be important clues to understanding the natural history and pathogenesis of SSc.