1. Cahen, La Syrie du nord, 286–287; Runciman, A history of the crusades, vol. 2, 151–153; Smail, Crusading warfare, 57; 179; Riley-Smith, The crusades, 91.
2. Cahen, La Syrie du nord, 284–285; Runciman, A history of the crusades, vol. 2, 148; Smail, Crusading warfare, 29.
3. My thanks are due to the British Academy whose funding of my Ph.D. research and field trips to Syria made this paper possible. I am also indebted to the members of the Early Medieval Seminar at the Institute of Historical Research, London, to whom a version of this paper was given and whose comments and observations were much appreciated.