1. R. Stirling, Improvement for Diminishing the Consumption of Fuel and in Particular an Engine Capable of Being Applied to the Moving of Machinery on a Principle Entirely New, English Patent 4081, 1816.
2. Air Engines: The History, Science, and Reality of the Perfect Engine;Finkelstein,2001
3. The Philips Stirling Engine;Hargreaves,1991
4. Free-Piston Stirling Engines;Walker,1985
5. N.P. Nightingale, Automotive Stirling Engine MOD II Design Report, Technical Report NASA, Lewis Research Center, 1986.