1. “Von Himmlischen Uhrwerk zur Statistischen Fabrik.”;Adam,1973
2. A wide-ranging survey, starting with early astronomical instruments, ending with the use in Austria of early Hollerith equipment. Contains extensive discussions of Schickard's calculating machine, automated drawlooms, including the little-known “Broselmaschine” (1680–1690), and of Schäffler's developments of Hollerith's machines.
3. Mr. Babbage's calculating engine;Adler;Machine Design,1958
4. “Rasvitie Vyichislitelynih Mashin.”;Apokin,1974
5. An account of the history of digital computing from the earliest aids to calculation to the modern computer. Chapter 1 includes discussion of the abacus in China, Europe, and Russia. Chapter 2, on mechanical calculators, discusses the work of Jakobson, Tchebichef, and Odhner, as well as Schickard, Pascal, and Leibniz. Chapter 3 covers tabulating machines and electromechanical desk calculators. The next chapter, “The birth of electronic computing,” which names M. A. Bonch-Bruevitch as having invented an electronic trigger circuit in 1918, one year before the independent work of Eccles and Jordan, describes such projects as the Harvard MARK I, the Atanasoff–Berry computer, ENIAC, and EDVAC. Chapter 5 describes early stored program computers, and states that the first Russian computers were the MESM (Lebedev and Rameen, 1948) and BESM (Lebedev, 1952). The final four chapters discuss transistorized and integrated-circuit computers, computer applications, and the future of computer technology. A large number of references are listed, to both Russian and English language sources.