1. Gaillard Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1900–1910), vol. 9, 103.
2. Kent v Dulles, 357 U.S. 116 (1958) (discussed below); Aptheker v Secretary of State, 378 U.S. 500 (1964).
3. 50 U.S.C. App. sec. 5(b)(1). See also, Marjorie M. Whiteman, ed., Digest of International Law (Washington: U.S. Department of State, 1968), vol. 10, 98–131. TWEA, originally enacted Oct. 6, 1917, was amended in 1918, 1933, 1940, 1941, 1977, 1988, 1992, and 1994.
4. See for example, Silesian-American Corp. v Clark, 332 U.S. 469 (1947);
5. Sardino v Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 361 F.2d 106 (1966), cert. denied, 385 U.S. 898 (1966) (upholding President’s authority to restrict property rights during wartime or declared emergency). See also, Regan v Wald, 468 U.S. 222 (1984) (upholding the President’s TWEA-based authority to restrict financial transactions for the purpose of traveling to Cuba).