1. (a) Forrester, R.A.; Ishizu, K.; Kothe, G.; Nelsen, S.F.; Ohya-Nishiguchi, H.; Watanabe, K.; Wilker, W. Organic Cation Radicals and Polyradicals. In Landolt Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology; Springer Verlag: Heidelberg, 1980; Vol. IX, Part d2. (b) Yoshida, K. Electrooxidation in Organic Chemistry: The Role of Cation Radicals as Synthetic Intermediates; Wiley: New York, 1984. (c) Shida, T. Electronic Absorption Spectra of Radical Ions; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1988. (d) Radical Ionic Systems; Lund, A.; Shiotani, M., Eds., Kluwer Academics: Dordrecht, 1991.
2. (a) Ledwith, A. Acc. Chem. Res. 1972, 5, 133. (b) Shida, T.; Haselbach, E.; Bally, T. Acc. Chem. Res. 1984, 17, 180–186. (c) Nelsen, S.F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1987, 20, 269–276. (d) Roth, H.D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1987, 20, 343–350. (e) Bauld, N.; Bellville, D.J.; Harirchian, B.; Lorenz, K.T.; Pabon, R.A.; Reynolds, D.W.; Wirth, D.D.; Chiou, H-S.; Marsh, B.K. Acc. Chem. Res. 1987, 20, 371. (f) Gerson, F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1994, 27, 63. (g) Roth, H.D. Topics Curr. Chem. 1992, 163, 133–245.
3. quadricyclane to norbornadiene radical cation: (a) Roth, H.D.; Schilling, M.L.M.; Jones, G., II J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1246–1248. (b) roth, H.D.; Schilling, M.L.M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7210–7217. methylenecyclopropane rearrangement: (c) Takahashi, Y.; Mukai, T.; Miyashi T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 6511–6513. (d) Miyashi, T.; Takahashi, Y.; Mukai, T.; Roth, H.D.; Schilling, M.L.M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 1079–1080. bicyclobutane to cyclobutene rearrangement: (e) Gassman, P.G.; Hay, B.A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 4075. (f) Gassman, P.G.; Hay, B.A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 4227. (g) Arnold, A.; Burger, U.; Gerson, F.; Kloster-Jensen, E.; Schmidlin, S.P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4271–4281. vinylcyclopropane rearrangement: (h) Dinnocenzo, J.P.; Schmittel, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 1561–1562. (i) Dinnocenzo, J.P.; Conlon, D.A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 2324–2326.
4. cyclopropane systems: (a) Rao, V.R.; Hixson, S.S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 6458. (b) Hixson, S.S.; Xing, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 173–174. (c) Dinnocenzo, J.P.; Todd, W.P.; Simpson, T.R.; Gould, I.R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 2462–2464. (d) Dinnocenzo, J.P.; Lieberman, D.R.; Simpson, T.R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 366–367. bicyclobutane systems: (e) Gassman, P.G.; Olson, K.D.; Walter, L.; Yamaguchi, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 4977. (f) Gassman, P.G.; Olson, K.D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 3740. vinylcyclobutane systems: (g) Arnold, D.R.; Du, X.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 7666. (h) Arnold, D.R.; Du, X. Can. J. Chem. 1994, 72, 403. (i) Zhou, D., Sheikh, M.; Roth, H.D. Tet. Lett. 1996, 37, 2385.
5. Structures of gas phase C5H8 radical cations: A collisional ionization study