1. Frölich, F.: Der Mangel der Muskeln, insbesondere der Seitenbauchmuskeln, Dissertation, Wurzburg, C. A., Zurn, 1839. Quoted by Silverman and Huang.4
2. Absence of abdominal muscles in an infant;Parker;Lancet,1895
3. Congenital absence of the abdominal muscles, with distended and hypertrophied urinary bladder;Osier;Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp.,1901
4. Congenital absence of the abdominal muscles, associated with malformation of the genitourinary and alimentary tracts; report of cases and review of literature;Silverman;Amer. J. Dis. Child.,1950
5. Congenital absence of the abdominal musculature and associated abnormalities;Metrick;Pediatrics,1957