1. Emergence or Reduction? Essays on the Prospects of Nonreductive Physicalism;Beckermann,1992
2. Emergence;Bickhard,2000
3. Variations in Variation and Selection: The Ubiquity of the Variation-and-Selective Retention Ratchet in Emergent Organizational Complexity, Part II: Quantum Field Theory;Bickhard;Foundations of Science,2003
4. Process and Emergence: Normative Function and Representation;Bickhard;Axiomathes — An International Journal in Ontology and Cognitive Systems,2004
5. The interactivist model;Bickhard;Synthese,2009