1. The Development of American Biology,1988
2. The Frenchman Lamarck and the German Treviranus are generally credited as being the first to originate the word biologie at the beginning of the 19th century, which they used to separate the living world from the world of the inert. Joseph Caron has written about the origin of the word biology in its modern context: Caron, J. (1988) ‘Biology’ in the life sciences: a historiographical contribution. Hist. Sci. 26, 223–268.
3. The term ‘natural history’ is the time-honored way to describe the investigation of the natural world, including plants, animals and geological specimens. This was the tradition pioneered by Aristotle, given its modern guise by Georges Buffon in his Histoire Naturelle (1749–1789) and memorialized in the famous Museum d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris.
4. One of Aristotle’s most widely cited works is Historia Animalium, which is the text upon which many later works in natural history were based. His student Theophrastus wrote an Aristotelian botanical work, Historia Plantarum, which provided the botanical analog for later naturalists. The best work on Aristotle as a biologist is Grene, M. (1963) A Portrait of Aristotle, University of Chicago Press.
5. Les Sciences de la Vie dans la Pensee Francaise du XVIII Siecle;Roger,1963