1. Peter Rathert, Wolfgang Lutzmeyer, and Willard E. Goddwin, Philip Bozzini (1773–1809) and the Lichtleiter. Urology 3 (1974):113-18; Erna Lesky, Die Wiener Experimente mit dem Lichtleiter Bozzinis (1806/1807). Clio Medica 5 (1970):327-50; Gunter Mann, Der Frankfurter Lichtleiter: Neues uber Philipp Bozzini und ein Endoskop. Medizinhistorisches Journal 8 (1973):105-30; and Heinrich Schutte and John R. Herman, Philipp Bozzini (1773–1809). Investigative Urology 9 (1972):447-48.
2. One example of the lichtleiter may be seen at the International Museum of the Surgical Sciences, Chicago, Illinois.
3. The negative impact of Viennese medical politics is presented in Rathert et al.
4. In each instance it is difficult to determine if they were inspired by Bozzini’s example, directly or indirectly, or simply embarked upon the path of simultaneous discovery.
5. Un moyen d’eclairer l’uretre et la vessie de maniere a voir dans l’interieur de ces organes, Revue medicale francaise et de I’etrangere (1827) 1:157-58. Segalas furnished no illustration with his description; for illustrations see Segalas’ Traite des retentions d’urine (1828) and Ernest Desnos, L’histoire de l’urologie. In Leonard J. T. Murphy, The history of urology (Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas, 1972), Fig. 7.51, p. 181.