1. For Green Chemistry, see: http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/greenchemistry/whatis.htm.
2. (a) Hutchins, R. O. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 6131. (b) Maki, Y.; Kikuchi, K.; Sugiyama, H.; Seto, S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1977, 263.
3. Trost, B. M. The atom economy—a search for synthetic efficiency. Science 1991, 254, 1471.
4. By-products are CO2 and H2O or NaOH.
5. Equipment: Two types of reactors have been employed: A Parr pressure reactor heated in a sand bath or oven and a capped 316 stainless steel tube heated in a muffle oven. The latter can be equipped with a thermocouple and fiber optic probe.