1. For representative reviews, see: Bringmann, G.; Walter, R.; Weirich, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1990, 29, 977; Sainsbury, M. Tetrahedron 1980, 36, 3327.
2. For representative reviews, see: Fanta, P. E. Chem. Rev. 1946, 38, 139; 1964, 64, 613; Synthesis 1974, 9; Goshaev, M.; Otroshchenko, O. S.; Sadykov, A. S. Russ. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1972, 41, 1046. See also: Posner, G. H. An Introduction to Synthesis Using Organocopper Reagents; John Wiley: New York, 1980; Nelson, T. D.; Meyers, A. I. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 2655.
3. For Ni catalyzed Ullman-type couplings, see: Takagi, K.; Hayama, N.; Sasaki, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1984, 57, 1887; Meyer, G.; Rollin, Y.; Perichon, J. J. Organomet. Chem. 1987, 333, 263.
4. Recently, Liebeskind reported an ambient temperature Ullmann-type coupling, see: Zhang, S.; Zhang, D.; Liebeskind, L. S. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2312 and references cited therein.
5. For representative reviews, see: Trost, B. M. Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 2615; Tsuji, J. Topics Curr. Chem. 1980, 91, 29; Kumada, M. Pure Appl. Chem. 1980, 52, 669; Negishi, E. I. Acc. Chem. Res. 1982, 15, 340; Tsuji, J. Organic Synthesis with Palladium Compounds; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1980; Baeckvall, J. E. Pure Appl. Chem. 1983, 55, 1669; Heck, R. H. Palladium Reagents for Organic Synthesis; Academic Press: New York, 1985; Oppolzer, W. Angew. Chem. 1989, 101, 39; Trost, B. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 34; Larock, R. C. Adv. Met.-Org. Chem. 1994, 3, 97.