1. Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill (1764/1963).
2. The Economics of Discrimination;Becker,1957
3. Crime and Punishment: an economic approach;Becker;J. Pol. Econ.,1968
4. Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, Collected Works, ed. J. H. Burns & H. L. A. Hart, University of London, 1970 (1780).
5. Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765-69);Blackstone,1979