1. While in early studies VSE referred specifically to the response of molecules in the gas phase to an external electric field (e.g., J. Chem. Phys. 48, 4196 (1968);), nowadays the scope of VSE has been extended to general electric field induced change of the vibrational spectra of adsorbates at solid interfaces (starting from Lambert, Physical Review Letters 1983, 51 (24), 2233-2233.) or to molecules fixed in a solid matrix (starting from Boxer, Journal of the American Chemical Society 1995, 117 (4), 1449-1450.).
2. Measuring Electric Fields and Noncovalent Interactions Using the Vibrational Stark Effect;Fried;Accounts Chem. Res.,2015
3. Observation of the First-Order Stark Effect of CO on Ni(110);Lambert;Phys. Rev. Lett.,1983
4. Field-Induced Vibrational Frequency Shifts of CO and CN Chemisorbed on Cu(100);Bagus;Phys. Rev. Lett.,1987
5. A Microscopic Model of the Electrochemical Vibrational Stark Effect: Understanding VSF Spectroscopy of (bi)Sulfate on Pt(111);Zwaschka;Surf. Sci.,2018