Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced signaling pathways involved in the release of tumor necrosis factor-α 1 1Abbreviations: EGb 761, Ginkgo biloba extract; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; ROIs, reactive oxygen intermediates; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; COX, cyclooxygenase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; TLR, Toll-like receptor; LBP, lipid binding protein; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; IKK, IκB kinase; AP-1, activator protein 1; ATF, activating transcription factor; CRE, cyclic AMP response element; CREB, cyclic AMP binding protein; C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein; ARE, AU-rich element; -UTR, untranslated region; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-related kinase; MEKK, MAPK/ERK kinase kinase; MEK, MAPK/ERK kinase; JNK/SAPK, Jun N terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase; EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay; DTT, dithiothreitol; PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; and ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence.