Suppression of cytokine production and neural cell death by the anti-inflammatory alkaloid cepharanthine: a potential agent against HIV-1 encephalopathy 1 1Abbreviations: HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; FBS, fetal bovine serum; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; NAC, N-acetyl-l-cysteine; M/M, monocyte/macrophage; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; PI, propidium iodide; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling; NO, nitric oxide; and HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy.