1. This article draws on the definition of IUU fishing set out in paragraph 3 of the FAO's International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IPOA-IUU), an instrument endorsed by the FAO Council in June, 2001.
2. See, eg., United Nations General Assembly Resolution on Sustainable Fisheries, adopted by the General Assembly on 9 December, 2014 (A/RES/69/109) para 56–82.
3. An explanation of these measures is outside the scope of this article. However, it is important to note the major legal provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, opened for signature 4 June, 1992, 1833 UNTS 396 (entered into force 16 November, 1994) (UNCLOS), the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of UNCLOS relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, opened for signature 4 August, 1995, 2167 UNTS 3 (entered into force 11 December, 2001), the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (including the FAO Compliance Agreement), the FAO IPOA-IUU (n 1), and the FAO Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Determine and Eliminate IUU Fishing, adopted by the FAO Conference in 2009 and still awaiting the requisite number of ratifications before entry into force. See also High Seas Taskforce, Closing the Net: Stopping Illegal Fishing on the High Seas. Governments of Australia, Canada, Chile, Namibia, New Zealand, and the UK, WWF, IUCN, and the Earth Institute at Columbia University (2006); Mary Ann Palma, Martin Tsamenyi and William Edeson, Promoting Sustainable Fisheries: The International Legal and Policy Framework to Combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing,Martinus Nijhoff Publisheres, The Netherlands, 2010.
4. Estimates of illegal and unreported fish in seafood imports to the USA;Pramoda;Mar. Policy,2014
5. European Commission staff working document. Accompanying the proposal for a council regulation establishing a community system to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (Impact Assessment, SEC. 2007; 1336: 1–98, cited in Melania Borit and Petter Olsen, Evaluation Framework for Regulatory Requirements related to Data Recording and Traceability Designed to Prevent Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, Mar. Policy 36 (2012) 96.