1. Article 2(2): The Parties included in Annex I shall pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol from…marine bunker fuels, working through …the International Maritime Organization…
2. Orgnisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1975). The Polluter Pays Principle: Definition, Analysis and Implementation, p.15.
3. Principles of International Environmental Law;Sands,2003
4. One of the policy insights given by a report done by the International Transport Forum is also to “provide smart financial incentives to advance decarbonisation of maritime shipping.” See: International Transport Forum, Decarbonising Maritime Transport: Pathways to Zero Carbon Shipping by 2035, published in 2018, available at 〈https://www.itf-oecd.org/decarbonising-maritime-transport〉, visited 4 May 2023.
5. The EEDI was made mandatory for new ships and the SEEMP for all ships with the adoption of amendments to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Annex VI. See IMO (2011). Resolution MEPC. 203(62) “Amendments to the Annex of the Protocol of 1997 to Amend the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978”.