1. Government of Japan, Basic policy on handling of ALPS treated water at the Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings’ Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. 〈https://www.meti.go.jp/english/earthquake/nuclear/decommissioning/atw.html〉, 2021 (accessed 8 November 2022).
2. The Inter-Ministerial Council for Contaminated Water and Decommissioning Issues, Mid-and-long-term roadmap towards the decommissioning of TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. 〈https://www.meti.go.jp/english/earthquake/nuclear/decommissioning/archive_mltr.html〉, 2019 (accessed 8 November 2022).
3. There remain various terms describing the water discharged from the Fukushima Daiichi reactors, such as ‘nuclear wastewater’ used by the Economist and ‘radioactive water’ used by the BBC (see eg, Japan’s answer to Fukushima’s nuclear wastewater: get in the sea. 〈https://www.economist.com/asia/2021/04/13/japans-answer-to-fukushimas-nuclear-wastewater-get-in-the-sea?utm_medium=cpc.adword.pd&utm_source=google&ppccampaignID=18151738051&ppcadID=&utm_campaign=a.22brand_pmax&utm_content=conversion.direct-response.anonymous&gclid=CjwKCAiArNOeBhAHEiwAze_nKGyPv1kIqrCfdoqh8IwSr7_-eShGINqXX4syShGGWJ2Y6Sh5X-L3uBoCl5wQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds〉, 2021 (accessed 22 January 2023); Fukushima nuclear disaster: Japan to release radioactive water into sea this year. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64259043, 2023 (accessed 22 January 2023)). The terms ‘treated water’ proposed by Japan does not clearly reflect that the water will be discharged from the nuclear reactors and its consequential harmfulness. In keeping with the wording adopted with our previous paper published in the Marine Policy, the terms ‘nuclear contaminated water’ will be applied to this paper. In fact, the terms ‘nuclear-contaminated water’ have been used by some Media (see eg, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin’s regular press conference on 19 January 2023. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/202301/t20230119_11012267.html, 2023 (accessed 22 January 2023)).
4. The Subcommittee on Handling of the ALPS Treated Water, Report. 〈https://www.meti.go.jp/english/earthquake/nuclear/decommissioning/pdf/20200210_alps.pdf〉, 2020 (accessed 8 November 2022).
5. State duty to cooperate on the Fukushima nuclear contaminated water release;Wang;Mar. Policy.,2022