1. Tullio Treves, International Courts and Tribunals and the Development of the Law of the Sea in the Age of Codification, in Lilian del Castillo (ed.), Law of the Sea: from Grotius to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: Liber Amicorum Judge Hugo Caminos, Brill/Nijhoff, 2015, 77.
2. Texts of these four Conventions are printed in United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 516. For details, see D. P. O′Connell, The International Law of the Sea, Vol.I, edited by I. A. Shearer, Oxford University Press, 1982, 265-269
3. and Louis B. Sohn, Erik Franckx, Kristen Gustafson Juras, and John E. Noyes (eds.), Cases and Materials on the Law of the Sea, Second Edition, Brill, 2014, 15.
4. For example, Article 14 of the 1958 Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone defines the term of “innocent passage” recognised as an existing customary rule. See Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 29 April 1958. United Nations Treaty Series, Vol.516, p.205.
5. Text of UNCLOS is available at https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf, (accessed 10 May 2023); both the 1994 Agreement and the 1995 Agreement are available at https://www.un.org/Depts/los/index.htm, (accessed 10 May 2023). For relevant discussions, see B. J. Theutenberg, The Evolution of the Law of the Sea: A Study of Resources and Strategy with Special Regard to the Polar Regions, Tycooly International, 1984, 7.