1. (a) UNEP, High Seas MPAs: Regional Approaches and Experiences, UNEP(DEPI)/RS.12/INF.6.RS, (2010), p. 3
2. (b) Elizabeth M. De Santo, Implementation challenges of area-based management tools (ABMTs) for biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ), Marine Policy 97 (2018), p. 25.
3. ABMTs including MPAs are one of the four elements of the package of the BBNJ negotiations. See BBNJ Working Group, Recommendations of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction and Co-Charis’ summary of discussions, UN Doc A/66/119, (30 June 2011), paras 1, 17.
4. UNGA, 2022. Report of the intergovernmental conference on an international legally binding instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (Report of the IGC), UN Doc. A/CONF.232/2022/4, (14 April 2022).
5. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), National and Regional Networks of Marine Protected Areas: A Review of Progress (National and Regional Networks of MPAs),2008