1. There is some disagreement about whether or not trade is freer in the 1990s than it has previously (Hirst and Thompson, 1996) but there is undoubtedly a much greater volume of trade occurring globally that at any time previously (Gibb and Michelak, 1994).
2. In 1993, the top 20% of earners in Chile had 61.5% of the total national income (University of Chile, 1994): Chile has one of the most skewed income distributions in the world (Hojman, 1993).
3. There has been a substantial rise in the numbers of Chileans in gaining higher education qualifications since the 1980s. Between 1981 and 1986, numbers in higher education increased from 119 000 to 208 000; there was a further increase to 247 000 between 1986 and 1991. (Source: Hojman, 1995c).
4. See Toledo (1995).
5. Sociologizing the geographic imagination: spatial concepts in the world-system perspective;Agnew;Political Geography Quarterly,1982