1. For some recent leading references on open-chain and cyclic α,α-disubstituted-α-amino acids, see: (a) Toniolo, C. Janssen Chimica Acta 1993, 11(28) 10–16. (b) Benedetti, E. Biopolymers 1996, 40, 3–44. (c) Karle, I. L. Biopolymers 1996, 40, 157–180. (d) Toniolo, C.; Crisma, M.; Formaggio, F.; Benedetti, E.; Santini, A.; Iacovino, R.; Saviano, M.; Di Blasio, B.; Pedone, C.; Kamphuis, J. Biopolymers 1996, 40, 519–522.
2. (a) Mazaleyrat, J.-P.; Gaucher, A.; Wakselman, M.; Tchertanov, L.; Guilhem, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 2971–2974. (b) Mazaleyrat, J.-P.; Gaucher, A.; Šavrda, J.; Wakselman, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 619–631.
3. (a) Mazaleyrat, J.-P.; Gaucher, A.; Wakselman, M.; Toniolo, C.; Crisma, M.; Formaggio, F. Peptides 1996, R. Ramage and R. Epton, Eds.; Mayflower Worldwide 1997, in press. (b) Toniolo, C.; Crisma, M.; Formaggio, F.; Pispisa, B.; Flippen-Anderson, J. L.; Mazaleyrat, J. P.; Wakselman, M. Peptides. Chemistry, Structure and Biology. Proceedings of the 15th American Peptide Symposium, 1998, in press.
4. For leading references, see: (a) Toniolo, C.; Crisma, M.; Formaggio, F.; Valle, G.; Cavicchioni, G.; Precigoux, G.; Aubry, A.; Kamphuis, J. Biopolymers 1993, 33, 1061–1072. (b) Crisma, M.; Valle, G.; Pantano, M.; Formaggio, F.; Bonora, G. M.; Toniolo, C.; Kamphuis, J. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1995, 114, 325–331. (c) Doi, M.; Ishida, T.; Polese, A.; Formaggio, F.; Crisma, M.; Toniolo, C.; Broxterman, Q. B.; Kamphuis, J. Pept. Res. 1995, 8, 294–297. (d) Formaggio, F.; Pantano, M.; Crisma, M.; Bonora, G. M.; Toniolo, C.; Kamphuis, J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1995, 1097–1101. (e) Yoder, G.; Keiderling, T. A.; Formaggio, F.; Crisma, M.; Toniolo, C.; Kamphuis, J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 687–690. (f) Polese, A.; Formaggio, F.; Crisma, M.; Valle, G.; Toniolo, C.; Bonora, G. M.; Broxterman, Q. B.; Kamphuis, J. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 1104–1111.
5. (a) Obrecht, D.; Spiegler, C.; Schönholzer, P.; Müller, K.; Heimgartner, H.; Stierli, F. Helv. Chim. Acta 1992, 75, 1666–1696. (b) Obrecht, D.; Bohdal, U.; Broger, C.; Bur, D.; Lehmann, C.; Ruffieux, R.; Schönholzer, P.; Spiegler, C.; Müller, K. Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 563–580.