1. International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2014.
2. American Cancer Society. Colorectal cancer facts and figures special edition. Atlanta: American Cancer Society;2005.
3. Biro Registrasi Kanker Departemen Patologi Fakultas Kedokteran UNAIR Surabaya. Data Kanker Kolon 2002-2005; 2009.
4. Yogyakarta dan Semarang 1996;Soetiarto;Center for Research and Development of Disease Control, NIHRD;,1996
5. Colorectal Cancer Cancer treatment. Philadelphia: W.B;Haskell;Saunders Company,2001