1. Japanese Industrial Standard, E4501. Railway rolling stock-design method for strength of axles; 1995 [in Japanese].
2. European Standard EN-13104. Railway applications-wheelsets and bogies-powered axles-design method, 13104; 2001.
3. High speed railway axles;Hirakawa;J Jpn Soc Mech Eng,1998
4. Makino T. Fretting fatigue strength of press-fitted railway axles, Doctor Thesis Kyushu, University; 1999 [in Japanese].
5. Yamamoto M, Makino T, Hirakawa K. The effect of variable load on fatigue properties of press-fitted axles. In: Proceedings of 11th international wheelset congress, vol. 1; 1995. p. 29–34.