1. United Nations. Ninth revision, World Contraceptive Use Data Sheets. 1987, 1994, 1998; United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division: New York. Estimates are based on most recently available country data, from an increasing number of countries over time. It is therefore not possible to obtain exact percentages of contraceptive use that requires male cooperation. In less developed countries, use of male methods fell from 29 per cent of total contraceptive use as reported in 1987 to 25 per cent in 1994 and 20 per cent in 1998. In more developed regions, use of male methods fell from 60 per cent of total use in 1987 to 54 per cent in 1998, largely due to a decline in use of ‘non-supply’ methods, predominantly withdrawal and periodic abstinence. The UN combines withdrawal and periodic abstinence in a ‘nonsupply’ category that includes douching and folk remedies. However, comparison of UN data with country surveys confirms that nearly all of the non-supply category is attributable to withdrawal and periodic abstinence.
2. Men’s involvement in family planning
3. World Bank. Ninth revision, World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health. 1993; Oxford University Press: New York.