1. Air Force Institute of Technology's Graduate School of Engineering, Virtual Environments, 3D Medical Imaging, and Computer Graphics Laboratory http://www.afit.af.mil/ENGgraphics/GRAPHICS.html.
2. Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery (MRCAS), http://www.mrcas.ri.cmu.edu/.
3. Fraunhofer Institute, Center for Research in Computer Graphics (CRCG), http://www.CRCG.edu/, Institut Graphische Datenverarbeitung (IGD), http://www.igd.fhg.de/www/igd-a4/flyers/medicine/.
4. Georgia Tech, Graphics, Visualization and Usability Center (GVU), http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/gvutop.html, Medical College of Georgia, Modeling, Imaging and Visualization, http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/visualization/surgsim/.
5. Harvard, Surgical Planning Laboratory (SPL), http://splweb.harvard.edu.