HIV serology false positivity among expatriates from Africa: a screening dilemma

Abstract

HIV prevalence in Oman is low (<5 %); however, 45 % of the population are expatriates, including a portion originating from countries with high HIV prevalence (>5 %). HIV screening is performed at regional public health laboratories as part of a medical fitness programme for residency applicants. We conducted a retrospective evaluation of indeterminate serology results from 11 females of African origin, aged 21–43 years. Serology testing for HIV was conducted according to the national Oman algorithm: fourth-generation immunoassays (Bio-Rad GS HIV Combo Ag/Ab EIA, Siemens Enzygnost HIV Integral 4, Abbott ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo, Roche Elecsys HIV Combi PT, bioMérieux VIDAS HIV DUO QUICK), confirmatory assays (Geenius HIV 1/2 Confirmatory, INNO-LIA HIV I/II Score) and PCR testing. Confirmatory testing to resolve indeterminate results was conducted with available samples for five patients using a combination of immunoassays, confirmatory assays, PCR/PERT and pro-viral DNA levels, at three external laboratories; Roche Diagnostics (Germany), Swiss National Laboratory (Switzerland) and Barts Health NHS Trust (UK). Nineteen serum, 15 plasma and two whole-blood samples were analysed. Nine of ten patients analysed on Bio-Rad and Siemens immunoassays were highly reactive; seven were highly reactive on the Abbott assay. Eight of nine patients tested with the Roche assay were negative. Three of four patients tested on the bioMérieux assay were negative. Five patients underwent confirmatory testing at external laboratories; all were negative by HIV-RNA or pro-viral DNA testing. In conclusion, HIV-RNA and pro-viral DNA testing is recommended for HIV screening of individuals from high-prevalence regions coming to low-prevalence regions.