1. (英) A.斯密. 国民财富的性质和原因的研究[M]. 上海: 商务印书馆, 1972.
2. Porter, M. (1980) Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. Free Press, New York, 37-38.
3. Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives
4. 周勤. 纵向一体化测度理论评介[J]. 经济学动态, 2002(1): 79-83.