Perspective Chapter: Molecular Approach for the Study of Genetic Diversity and Conservation Prioritization of Fish Population

Abstract

Fishes are the most abundant vertebrates in the animal kingdom. They play important biological and ecological roles. Various anthropogenic and climatic factors have led to the decline of natural population and increased the risk of extinction. CBD emphasized the conservation of biodiversity at all levels from genes to ecosystems. However, little attention paid to genetic considerations in restoration efforts. Estimation of genetic diversity and population structure is inevitable for effective implementation of conservation management program. Available DNA markers like mitochondrial and microsatellite markers provide useful insight into understanding the genetic diversity status of fish population in the wild. The present chapter highlights the importance of genetic diversity and its determinants. Utility of mitochondrial and microsatellite markers shown through a case study of a threatened cyprinid species Neolissochilus hexagonolepis known as chocolate mahseer that is widely distributed in the North-eastern part of India. Presence of low genetic diversity confirmed its threatened status and further analysis based on various genetic parameters revealed the status of different stocks as well as the population structure of this species. The results obtained could be helpful in rehabilitation and conservation planning and prioritization for the maintenance of a viable population of this species.