Abstract
Advances in human transcriptome have unveiled the crucial regulatory role of noncoding RNA (ncRNA) in most biological processes, including reproduction. Recent studies have elucidated some of the questions, highlighting the regulatory function of specific ncRNAs on concrete reproductive mechanisms. ncRNAs have been shown to be crucial for the maintenance of spermatogenesis, primordial germ cells (PGCs) survivals, folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation, and corpus luteum function. In addition, due to their unique expression and critical functions, they have been demonstrated to be associated with aspects of infertility such as premature ovarian failure (POF), recurrent implantation failure (RIF), polycystic ovarian syndrome (POCS), varicocele, sperm abnormalities, and testicular cancer. This chapter will discuss the current knowledge of the role of ncRNAs in spermatogenesis, and oogenesis and their potential utilization as a noninvasive diagnostic marker for reproductive disorders.