Author:
V. Gafarov Valery,O. Panov Dmitriy,A. Gromova Elena,V. Gagulin Igor,V. Gafarova Almira,A. Krymov Eldar
Abstract
Introduction: The study aimed to determine gender differences in the prevalence and dynamics of affective states over a long period, i.e., 23 years, and to establish their effect on the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), i.e., arterial hypertension (AH), myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke among the population aged 25–64 in Russia / Siberia. Methods: Between 1994 and 2017, we conducted 4 screening surveys of representative samples (totalling 4,815 people) under the international programs MONICA and HAPIEE in Russia / Siberia. To determine the sex differences in cardiovascular risk from 1994 to 2010, we observed cohorts formed from the screened individuals without CVD and diabetes mellitus (DM). Results: High levels of affective states in the period from 1994 to 2003, especially in women, were replaced by a downward trend in 2013. At the same time, there was a reduction in the gender gap in terms of frequency of depression lower 1%, and men in the younger age groups reported higher levels of personal anxiety (49.3% vs 46.1% in adults aged 35-44y) and vital exhaustion (16.9% vs 15.6%) than women in 2017. We found that men with unfavourable levels of affective states have a 3–5 fold higher risk of hypertension and stroke, while women have a higher risk of myocardial infarction (p for all < 0.05). Hostility in men is associated with a negative risk of myocardial infarction and stroke (HR=0.3 and HR=0.29, respectively; p for all < 0.05). However, this was levelled out by unfavourable social characteristics. Conclusions: The downward trends in prevalence of psychosocial factors were unstable and associated with reduced gender gap for affective states. It had a significant impact on the gender magnitude of cardiovascular risk.
Reference42 articles.
1. Bandelow B., Michaelis S. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17(3):327-335. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/bbandelow
2. Albert P. R. Why is depression more prevalent in women? J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2015;40(4):219-221. doi:10.1503/jpn.150205
3. Mathers C. D., Bernard C., Moesgaard Iburg K., M. Inoue, Ma Fat D., Shibuya K., Stein C., Tomijima N., Xu H. Global Burden of Disease in 2002: data sources, methods and results. Global Program on Evidence for Health Policy, Discussion Paper No.54. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003. https://www.who.int/healthinfo/paper54.pdf
4. Gafarov V. V., Gromova E. A., Panov D. O., Gagulin I. V., Gafarova A. V. Gender Differences in Dynamic of Family Stress Indicators in Population Aged 25-64 Years from 1988 To 2017. Medical & Clinical Research. 2021; 6(4): 520-526. DOI: 10.33140/MCR.06.04.09
5. Gafarov V. V., Panov D. O., Gromova E. A., Krymov E. A., Gagulin I. V., Gafarova A. V. Gender differences in dynamic of job stress as cardiovascular risk factor in population aged 25-64 years from 1988 to 2017. Journal of Cardiology Research Review & Reports. 2021;2(2):1-12. DOI: 10.47363/JCRRR/2021(2)142