Green Extraction Techniques for Phytoconstituents from Natural Products

Abstract

The use of green extraction techniques for extracting phytoconstituents from natural sources minimizes the amount of solvents needed and the amount of waste generated during the extraction process. Traditional extraction processes generate a lot of solvent waste, which causes a lot of environmental and health issues. Furthermore, by employing automated modern processes, exposure to solvents and vapor is reduced. Green extraction is based on the analytical procedures that employ less energy, allow the use of different solvents and sustainable natural products, and provide a safe and superior extract/product. According to a life cycle analysis of waste created in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) manufacturing plants, solvent-related waste accounts for 80% of the waste. In case other pharmaceutical companies generate equal amounts of solvent waste, addressing solvent selection, use, recovery, and disposal will go a long way toward tackling the issue. Solvent considerations will feature regularly in the case histories of the drug development process. Natural extracts comprise phytoconstituents such as proteins, lipids and oils, dietary fibres, carbohydrates, antioxidants, essential oils and fragrances, and colours, and can be found in wide variety of plant materials. In this chapter, we will discuss principles, techniques, and solvents used for green extraction techniques of phytoconstituents.