Abstract
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is the most important test used to diagnose esophageal disease. Proper insertion of the endoscope is essential for accurate examination of the esophagus. However, due to coughing or the gag reflex, esophageal examinations can be difficult. Further, when a central ridge is present in the middle of the pyriform sinus, careful approach is necessary. Chromoendoscopy of the esophagus includes acetic acid chromoendoscopy for Barrett’s esophagus and lugol’s iodine chromoendoscopy for squamous cell carcinoma. In recent times, electronic chromoendoscopy is widely used. In this chapter, diagnosis and treatment of various esophageal diseases including esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, diverticulum, inlet patch, hiatal hernia, polyps, subepithelial lesions, and varix are discussed.