Pathogenesis-Related Proteins and Their Transgenic Expression for Developing Disease-Resistant Crops: Strategies Progress and Challenges

Abstract

Various pathogenic microorganisms (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes) affect plant viability and productivity. However, plants combat these pathogens by inducing their defense mechanism to sustain their fitness. The aggregation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins in response to invading pathogens is a crucial component of a plant’s self-defense mechanism. PR proteins induce innate resistance in plants through fungal cell wall disintegration, membrane permeabilization, transcriptional suppression, and ribosome inactivation. Earlier studies have demonstrated their crucial role in determining resistance against phytopathogens, making them a promising candidate for developing disease-resistant crop varieties. Plant genetic engineering is a potential approach for developing disease-resistant transgenic crops by employing several PR genes (thaumatin, osmotin-like proteins, chitinases, glucanases, defensins, thionins, oxalate oxidase, oxalate oxidases like proteins/germin-like proteins and LTPs). Furthermore, the overexpression of PR proteins enhances the resistance against phytopathogens. As a result, this chapter gives an overview of PR proteins, including their classification, functional characterization, signaling pathways, mode of action and role in defense against various phytopathogens. It also highlights genetic engineering advances in utilizing these genes singly or synergistically against various phytopathogens to impart disease resistance. Various challenges faced with the products of transgenic technology and synergistic expression of different groups of PR proteins were also discussed.