Abstract
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) affecting the carotid artery is an idiopathic, non-inflammatory, and non-atherosclerotic condition characterized by segmental arterial vessel wall abnormalities. Predominantly observed in small and medium-sized arteries, FMD can present with stenosis, aneurysm, dissection, occlusion, and arterial tortuosity, particularly in the renal and carotid arteries. Women show a higher prevalence of FMD. The outdated histopathological classification has been replaced by angiographic evaluation, categorizing arterial lesions as focal or multifocal. Despite ongoing research, the precise mechanism behind FMD development, involving genetic, mechanical, tobacco use, and hormonal factors, remains elusive. Symptoms vary based on the affected arterial segment, with carotid FMD often being asymptomatic but may include headache, pulsatile tinnitus, dizziness, and cerebrovascular accidents. Vascular imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosis, and conservative treatments involve antiplatelet therapy and hypertension control. Surgical or endovascular interventions are considered for persistent cerebrovascular ischemia. Due to its chronic nature, long-term follow-up with periodic imaging is crucial. Future research should focus on genetic factors, establish tissue banks, and develop innovative treatments. In conclusion, Fibromuscular Dysplasia of the Carotid Artery requires a multidisciplinary approach for effective management.