Abstract
According to the evolutionary perspective, an organism must manage and optimize organized complexity effectively to achieve a strong adaptation. Within the scope of sustainable homeostasis, the subcellular components of the organism must strictly comply with the principle of minimum error and maximum efficiency in coordination. Advanced defense systems are evolution’s greatest gift to the cell. One of the most important components of cellular defense systems is the antioxidant defense. When it comes to antioxidant defense, the first thing that comes to mind is the peroxisome organelle, because the peroxisome is a cytoplasmic organelle surrounded by a single membrane in which the very important enzyme, catalase, is localized. Furthermore, the role of this organelle in vital processes, such as lipid metabolism, antimicrobial defense, and intracellular signaling, is undeniable. In this chapter, attention has been tried on the mysteries related to peroxisome by performing a wide literature review. The chapter covers topics such as peroxisome production, targeted protein transport, roles in the oxidative mechanism, relationship with diseases, and mitochondria interaction. This chapter, which highlights the polygenic formation and pleiotropic features of peroxisome, will provide an important future projection for curious researchers and medical doctors seeking innovative treatment strategies.