Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in Food, Water, and Drug Analyses: Recent Advances and Applications

Abstract

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a potent electrochemical technique with a variety of applications. EIS measurements involve the application of an alternating current (AC) voltage (or current) to the system under investigation, followed by measurement of the response in the form of AC current (or voltage) as a function of frequency. By and large, EIS is an exceptionally attractive in terms of applications. Being nondestructive with a feasibility of implementation to the system to be measured and the usefulness of data obtained in characterizing the studied systems, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has realms of applications. As food and water safety and security is becoming a universal concern, the need for a technique that can detect water and food contaminants with relatively high sensitivity and selectivity is evolving. EIS has started to realize its potential with a wide-term use in water and food analyses.