Abstract
In this chapter, we present a comprehensive review of anal cancer, focusing on its epidemiology, clinical manifestations (semiology), and therapeutic approaches. We delve into the global incidence and prevalence rates of anal cancer, exploring significant trends and risk factors associated with the disease. We discuss the etiology and pathogenesis of anal cancer, with a particular emphasis on the role of high-risk HPV types and other contributing factors. The chapter provides a detailed analysis of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and staging of anal cancer, shedding light on the importance of early detection and appropriate screening methods. Furthermore, we thoroughly examine the various treatment modalities available, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and the emerging role of immunotherapy. A multidisciplinary management approach, involving different specialists and tumor boards, is emphasized. The chapter also addresses the follow-up and survivorship care for patients, including potential treatment-related complications and psychosocial support. Finally, we discuss ongoing research efforts and future directions in the field, highlighting the need for continued investigation and optimization of treatment strategies.