Stem Cell Therapy and Its Products Such as Exosomes: Modern Regenerative Medicine Approach

Abstract

Regenerative Medicine is a developing and multidisciplinary field of science that uses tissue engineering, biology, and cell or cell-free therapy to regenerate cells, tissues, and organs to restore their impaired or lost function. Regenerative medicine uses a new element linked to stem cells, which call exosomes, introduces it to the healthcare market. Exosomes are present in almost all body fluids, such as synovial fluid and blood. Exosomes and microvesicles are very efficient mediators of cell-to-cell communication by transferring their specific cargo to recipient cells. Furthermore, the modification of extracellular vesicles is possible that can become an excellent choice for drug delivery systems and vaccines. Isolation of exosomes for their use as therapeutic, research, or diagnostic agents for a specific type of disease is of particular importance. Five techniques have been used to isolate exosomes from different sources, including ultracentrifugation-based, size-based, immunoassay, exosome sedimentation, and microfluidic techniques. The use of exosomes in medicine has many applications, including in Bone and cartilage, dental, immune system, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, nervous, heart systems, skin and wound, microbial and infectious, and also in cancers. This chapter focuses on stem cells, especially exosomes, as novel approaches in disease treatment and regenerative medicine.