Synthesis of Tropical Cyclones: Understanding, Modeling, and Adapting to Climate Change Impacts

Abstract

Tropical cyclones, characterized by their destructive effects, pose significant threats to coastal regions worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of tropical cyclones, delving into their definitions, regional variations in nomenclature (hurricanes, typhoons, and tropical cyclones), and categorization based on intensity and core structural elements such as the eye, eyewall, and rainbands. Globally, the review meticulously analyzes the profound impacts of tropical cyclones, spanning environmental, social, and economic dimensions, and highlights the disproportionate vulnerability of coastal populations. A thorough literature review summarizes models, exploring their evolution and effectiveness in predicting cyclone behavior and impacts. Additionally, the review discusses emerging advancements in modeling techniques, including numerical simulations and machine learning algorithms, and their potential to enhance forecasting accuracy and risk assessment. Concluding with a critical discussion of current challenges, such as data limitations, model uncertainties, and the influence of climate change, the review underscores the pressing need for interdisciplinary collaborations and innovative solutions to mitigate the increasing risks posed by tropical cyclones in a changing climate.