Abstract
This chapter examines the role of national identification systems (NIDS) as enablers of online identity in this digital age. With the rapid growth of digital services and platforms, online identity management has become increasingly crucial. NIDS are among the cornerstones shaping digital identities by providing secure authentication and access to various online services. The chapter explores the evolution of NIDS, their transition from physical to digital formats, and their integration with online identity management. It presents case studies from Estonia, India, Norway, Sweden, and Singapore to demonstrate the diverse approaches and best practices in implementing an effective integration of NIDS with online services. The chapter discusses the challenges of NIDS as enablers of online identity to highlight the areas that require attention and improvement. It also explores the impact of emerging technologies on the future of NIDS, emphasising the importance of continuous research, innovation, and international collaboration. In general, stakeholders can contribute to a more secure, connected, and inclusive digital society by understanding the significance and potential of NIDS in shaping online identities.