Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): From Molecular Mechanism to Novel Therapeutic Approach

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the joint name for neurodevelopmental impairments characterized by abnormal social interaction, communication difficulties, limited range of activities and areas of interest, and typical motor impairments. There is a remarkable increase in the prevalence of ASD over the past 30 years. Studies indicate that genetic, neurological, and environmental factors are involved in the emergence of ASD, and recent works describe the neuromolecular mechanism implicated in the basis of ASD. 3LT has now developed into a therapeutic procedure that is used for three main goals: to reduce inflammation, edema, and chronic orthopedic disorders; to promote healing of wounds, deeper tissues, and nerves; and to treat neurological injuries and pain. 3LT may treat neurological injuries by lowering levels of inflammation proteins and by stimulation of mitochondria to increase the production of adenosine triphosphate and neural growth factors. This review aims to discuss the current evidence for the effects and mechanisms of 3LT at the cellular level and the effects of 3LT-induced changes in brain development and function. Early and effective intervention, through the developmental time window of high ASD susceptibility, using tools that are directed to the mechanism of pathology, may minimize neurological and functional deficits.