Author:
Banaee Mahdi,Di Paola Davide,Cuzzocrea Salvatore,Cordaro Marika,Faggio Caterina
Abstract
A measurable and/or observable change in a biological or biochemical reaction, encompassing behavioral alterations as well as molecular to physiological levels, is referred to as a biomarker. Biomarker responses must be ecologically meaningful and show exposure to the harmful consequences of environmental stressors. When assessing the condition of an ecosystem, biomarkers are regarded as early warning systems. They are useful for evaluating in-situ chemical exposure and the harmful impacts of contaminants on biota. Although they are assessed on an individual basis, the purpose of their reactions is to forecast population-level consequences. We hope to give a broad definition of biomarkers and xenobiotics in this chapter, as well as an overview of the processes involved in their biotransformation and detoxification in aquatic organisms.