Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Interventions in Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

The pathophysiological basis of the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) focuses on oxidative stress that is precipitated due to an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants. Gradual and chronic hyperglycemia, as seen in T2DM, produces ROS, which stimulates cellular damage, inflammation, and insulin resistance. The current chapter will focus on endogenous and exogenous antioxidant strategies to ameliorate oxidative stress and its complications in T2DM. Of course, naturally occurring oxidatively damaging effects due to endogenous antioxidants like non-enzymes, glutathione, alpha-lipoic acid, and enzymes-for instance, superoxide dismutase and catalase-. Exogenous antioxidants in the diet can provide further protection or as supplements since products like polyphenols, flavonoids, and vitamins, among other products, have effectively reduced oxidative stress and improved insulin sensitivity. Additionally, PTP1B is a prime drug target since the protein dephosphorylates insulin receptors and supports insulin resistance. Research has shown that blockage of PTP1B increases glucose uptake and stimulates insulin signaling. Therefore, research on such interventions should be continued for T2DM treatment, especially concerning antioxidant therapy.