Abstract
Several elements (Ca, Fe, Sr, Mn, Mg, P, Zn, Se, B, Pb, Ni, Ti, etc.), classified mainly under three groups namely beneficial, harmless and harmful elements, are measured in human teeth for multiple purposes since they involve in metabolic activities as well as influence gene expression. There are sufficiently available studies reporting roles of the elements in both up and down-regulation of gene expression leading to tooth repair, regeneration, differentiation, biomineralization and demineralization in the dental stem cells. Considering the importance of tooth developmental and protective roles, the association of the elements with gene expression presented in the present review may facilitate for improvement of their selection as one of the criteria for strengthening teeth for a longer life through nutritional sources and dental material formulation.