The Neuropathology of Concussion

Abstract

This review provides a detailed analysis of the pathophysiology involved in traumatic brain injury (TBI), with an emphasis on mild TBI and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). It explains the dynamic interaction between mechanical trauma and the neuroinflammatory response, especially the crucial role of microglia in post-TBI inflammation. Moreover, the review discusses the significance of dendritic and spinal changes as indicators of a regenerative response. The role of transactive response (TAR) DNA-binding protein 43 and tau protein in the pathogenesis of mild TBI and CTE is assessed, with tau protein changes being a potential biomarker for acute and chronic TBI-related conditions. The study also investigates syndromes commonly found in young athletes, such as second impact syndrome and juvenile head trauma syndrome. The review addresses the complex inflammatory response after mild TBI, focusing on pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, including IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP as potential indicators of injury severity and outcome. The review calls for further research to elucidate the exact relationship of these factors in TBI and its long-term effects.