Author:
John Saumya,Manoharan Rakhi,Suresh Kavya,Mini Lekshmi,Varghese Nibu,Vellapally Sajith,George Thomas Nebu
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been extensively researched in bone regeneration procedures for its close similarity with natural bone in composition and also due to its osteoconductive and bone healing properties. Natural hydroxyapatite (NHA) is dissimilar to its synthetic counterpart. It has a slight difference in the calcium phosphate ratio and contains carbonate groups and some trace elements, which makes it a more viable material as a substitute for bone. Biowaste is a huge environmental concern. NHA is generated from biowaste of mostly poultry and marine origin. Hence, its proven biocompatibility would advocate the translation of this knowledge to clinical practice for bone regenerative procedures. In vitro biocompatibility of NHA from various sources has been reported. Also, in vivo studies, including implantation studies, have been carried out to certify the biological safety of NHA. Various authors have stated that the preparation technique (which influences features of NHA), degradation characteristics, and resulting tissue response of NHA are also satisfactory. This chapter elaborates on the toxicity assessment in vitro, and in vivo and hence the biocompatibility of NHA obtained from various sources.
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