Obstetric Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Abstract

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by thrombotic events and obstetric complications in the presence of persistently positive antiphospholipid antibodies. Obstetric manifestations include, recurrent miscarriages, fetal death at or beyond the 10th week of gestation, and premature birth due to pre-eclampsia/placental insufficiency. Even now, both clinical features and laboratory parameters are controversial. Both can be used to stratify women with APS in terms of risk of adverse pregnancy outcome, and thus adjust treatment. APS pregnancies should be classified into low, medium and high-risk classes based on clinical and laboratory features. Depending on the risk class, the most appropriate therapy must be then selected. Heparin plus LDA is considered the standard of care for patients with a confirmed diagnosis of obstetric APS and generally results in over 70–80% successful pregnancies. The 20–30% pregnancies in which treatment fails are defined as “high-risk” or “refractory” pregnancies. Numerous treatments have been used in addition to standard of care, to treat these patients, but no well-designed trial has yet been conducted. New insights into the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of obstetric APS have led to the testing of new therapeutic approaches, that may soon change the way we manage this condition.